"0","```r
richness <- rarefy(scpdSM, sample=minN, se=T) # because I specified *se=T*, this function outputs both S and se
S <- richness[1,]
S.se <- richness[2,]
# plot the result through time using base R plotting function
plot(S ~ ages, type=\"l\", xlim=c(21000, 0), ylim=c(0, floor(max(S+S.se))+1), xlab=\"Age (cal BP)\", ylab=expression('Richness' %+-% 'se'))
#arrows(ages, S+S.se, ages, S-S.se, code=3, length=0.1, angle=90)
suppressWarnings(arrows(ages, S+S.se, ages, S-S.se, code=3, length=0.1, angle=90)) 
```"
